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for most concrete, seawater poses a significant threat. Salt invades the pores, causing chemical reactions that disrupt the cement paste, and chlorides can infiltrate the steel reinforcement, leading to corrosion that expands and fractures the surrounding material. However, samples extracted from ancient Roman breakwaters present a markedly different narrative. In the correct Roman formulation, exposure […]

The foremost oxygen generators on our planet are not towering trees. They are microscopic cells in the illuminated layer of the ocean, many of which are too tiny to perceive without a microscope. Collectively, marine plankton are responsible for approximately half of the oxygen produced through photosynthesis worldwide. This well-known estimate requires one crucial clarification. […]

There exists a rendition of the Voyager narrative that appears almost too tidy: engineers constructed a spacecraft they understood they would never witness departing the solar system, yet they sent it forth regardless. The reality is more nuanced, and in some respects, more poignant. If departing the solar system entails traversing the heliopause, the furthest […]

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In the frigid depths of the Arctic and North Atlantic, the Greenland shark inhabits an era that is challenging to observe firsthand. It grows at a slow pace each year, can reach lengths exceeding five meters, and may live for centuries. The age most commonly associated with the species is 400 years. This figure stems […]

For almost two hundred years, neuroscience has narrated a narrative about the human brain that revolves predominantly around a singular type of cell. The neuron — the branched, electrically-active cell responsible for transmitting signals across synapses — has been the highlight of every popular portrayal of thought, education, and remembrance since the mid-1800s. The well-known […]